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Difference between revisions of Frequently Asked Questions/Myopia/Quotes
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Frequently Asked Questions/Myopia/Quotes (view source)
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627304004933#BIB235 | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627304004933#BIB235 | ||
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==Hereditary factors of myopia== | |||
{{quote|“In populations with little genetic heterogeneity, such as Inuit populations, studies have revealed that within a generation, the incidence of myopia has risen dramatically in line with the onset of formal education and literacy.3 4 In addition to this evidence for an environmental contribution to the aetiology of myopia, there is also abundant evidence for a genetic influence. These contrasting lines of evidence have stimulated the long running “nature versus nurture” debate, although it is now clear that myopia results from the interaction of environmental and genetic factors.5However, the observed increases in myopia over a generation indicate that the modern myopic epidemic is being fuelled by environmental changes. Furthermore, environmental influences are more easily altered than our genetic make up. Understanding how the visual environment can influence eye growth should therefore be central to any attempts to alter the natural history of myopia.”}} | |||
http://bjo.bmj.com/content/82/3/210.full%C2%A0 | |||
==Infant myopia== | ==Infant myopia== | ||
{{quote|“1. The manifest refractions of 72 children were tracked at regular intervals starting soon after birth and continuing for 9-16 y. Near-retinoscopy, a non-cycloplegic refraction technique, was used for children aged 0-3 y, and non-cycloplegic distance retinoscopy after 3 y. Almost 1400 refractions have been obtained from this group. 2. During the first 6 months the mean spherical equivalent of the group is negative by a small amount. By one year of age the children have an average of 0.5 D of hyperopia which they maintain until 8 y. After 11 y the mean spherical equivalent once again becomes negative, largely because some of the children are becoming myopic. 3. The dispersion of refractions is largest shortly after birth and smallest at 6 y, reflecting the process of emmetropization during the preschool years. 4. The spherical equivalent at 1 y is most predictive of later spherical equivalents. Correlations of spherical equivalent at 1 y with other ages range from 0.43 during the period of emmetropization to 0.76 at some later ages. 5. Children with a negative spherical equivalent in infancy in conjunction with either against-the-rule astigmatism or no astigmatism are more likely to be myopic at school age than children with infantile with-the-rule astigmatism. 6. There is an increased incidence of myopia in children with two (compared to zero or one) myopic parents.”}} | {{quote|“1. The manifest refractions of 72 children were tracked at regular intervals starting soon after birth and continuing for 9-16 y. Near-retinoscopy, a non-cycloplegic refraction technique, was used for children aged 0-3 y, and non-cycloplegic distance retinoscopy after 3 y. Almost 1400 refractions have been obtained from this group. 2. During the first 6 months the mean spherical equivalent of the group is negative by a small amount. By one year of age the children have an average of 0.5 D of hyperopia which they maintain until 8 y. After 11 y the mean spherical equivalent once again becomes negative, largely because some of the children are becoming myopic. 3. The dispersion of refractions is largest shortly after birth and smallest at 6 y, reflecting the process of emmetropization during the preschool years. 4. The spherical equivalent at 1 y is most predictive of later spherical equivalents. Correlations of spherical equivalent at 1 y with other ages range from 0.43 during the period of emmetropization to 0.76 at some later ages. 5. Children with a negative spherical equivalent in infancy in conjunction with either against-the-rule astigmatism or no astigmatism are more likely to be myopic at school age than children with infantile with-the-rule astigmatism. 6. There is an increased incidence of myopia in children with two (compared to zero or one) myopic parents.”}} | ||